Chronicle: Unit Eight Game And Soundtrack Bundle For Mac



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(Redirected from Gatekeeper (OS X))
Gatekeeper
Developer(s)Apple Inc.
Initial releaseJuly 25, 2012
Operating systemmacOS

Gatekeeper is a security feature of the macOSoperating system by Apple.[1][2] It enforces code signing and verifies downloaded applications before allowing them to run, thereby reducing the likelihood of inadvertently executing malware. Gatekeeper builds upon File Quarantine, which was introduced in Mac OS X Leopard and expanded in Mac OS X Snow Leopard.[3][4] The feature originated in version 10.7.3 of Mac OS X Lion as the command-line utilityspctl.[5][6] A graphical user interface was added in OS X Mountain Lion and later also in version 10.7.5 of Lion.[7]

Functions[edit]

Configuration[edit]

Gatekeeper options in the System Preferences application. Since macOS Sierra, the 'Anywhere' option is hidden by default.

In the security & privacy panel of System Preferences, the user has three options:

Mac App Store
Allows only applications downloaded from the Mac App Store to be launched.
Mac App Store and identified developers
Allows applications downloaded from the Mac App Store and applications signed by certified Apple developers to be launched. This is the default setting since Mountain Lion.
Anywhere
Allows all applications to be launched. This effectively turns Gatekeeper off. This is the default setting in Lion. Since macOS Sierra, this option is hidden by default.[8][9]
However, this option can be re-enabled by using the 'sudo spctl --master-disable' command from the Terminal and authenticating with an admin password.

The command-line utility spctl provides granular controls, such as custom rules and individual or blanket permissions, as well as an option to turn Gatekeeper off.[6]

Quarantine[edit]

Upon download of an application, a particular extended file attribute ('quarantine flag') can be added to the downloaded file.[10] This attribute is added by the application that downloads the file, such as a web browser or email client, but is not usually added by common BitTorrent client software, such as Transmission, and application developers will need to implement this feature into their applications and is not implemented by the system. The system can also force this behavior upon individual applications using a signature-based system named Xprotect.[11]

Execution[edit]

Screenshot of a system alert that appears when Gatekeeper prevents an application from running, because it was not signed by an Apple certified developer.

When the user attempts to open an application with such an attribute, the system will postpone the execution and verify whether it is:

  • blacklisted,
  • code-signed by Apple or a certified developer,
  • the code-signed contents still match the signature.

Since Mac OS X Snow Leopard, the system keeps two blacklists to identify known malware or insecure software. The blacklists are updated periodically. If the application is blacklisted, then File Quarantine will refuse to open it and recommend to the user to move it to trash.[11][12]

Gatekeeper will refuse to open the application if the code-signing requirements are not met. Apple can revoke the developer's certificate with which the application was signed and prevent further distribution.[1][3]

Once an application has passed File Quarantine or Gatekeeper, it will be allowed to run normally and will not be verified again.[1][3]

Override[edit]

Chronicle: unit eight game and soundtrack bundle for mac download

To override Gatekeeper, the user (acting as an administrator) either has to switch to a more lenient policy from the security & privacy panel of System Preferences or authorize a manual override for a particular application, either by opening the application from the context menu or by adding it with spctl.[1]

Path randomization[edit]

Developers can sign disk images that can be verified as a unit by the system. In macOS Sierra, this allows developers to guarantee the integrity of all bundled files and prevent attackers from infecting and subsequently redistributing them. In addition, 'path randomization' executes application bundles from a random, hidden path and prevents them from accessing external files relative to their location. This feature is turned off if the application bundle originated from a signed installer package or disk image or if the user manually moved the application without any other files to another directory.[8]

Implications[edit]

The effectiveness and rationale of Gatekeeper in combating malware have been acknowledged,[3] but been met with reservations. Security researcher Chris Miller noted that Gatekeeper will verify the developer certificate and consult the known-malware list only when the application is first opened. Malware that already passed Gatekeeper will not be stopped.[13] In addition, Gatekeeper will only verify applications that have the quarantine flag. As this flag is added by other applications and not by the system, any neglect or failure to do so does not trigger Gatekeeper. According to security blogger Thomas Reed, BitTorrent clients are frequent offenders of this. The flag is also not added if the application came from a different source, like network shares and USB flash drives.[10][13] Questions have also been raised about the registration process to acquire a developer certificate and the prospect of certificate theft.[14]

In September 2015, security researcher Patrick Wardle wrote about another shortcoming that concerns applications that are distributed with external files, such as libraries or even HTML files that can contain JavaScript.[8] An attacker can manipulate those files and through them exploit a vulnerability in the signed application. The application and its external files can then be redistributed, while leaving the original signature of the application bundle itself intact. As Gatekeeper does not verify such individual files, the security can be compromised.[15] With path randomization and signed disk images, Apple provided mechanisms to mitigate this issue in macOS Sierra.[8]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ abcd'OS X: About Gatekeeper'. Apple. February 13, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2015.
  2. ^Siegler, MG (February 16, 2012). 'Surprise! OS X Mountain Lion Roars Into Existence (For Developers Today, Everyone This Summer)'. TechCrunch. AOL Inc. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
  3. ^ abcdSiracusa, John (July 25, 2012). 'OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion: the Ars Technica review'. Ars Technica. pp. 14–15. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
  4. ^Reed, Thomas (April 25, 2014). 'Mac Malware Guide : How does Mac OS X protect me?'. The Safe Mac. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  5. ^Ullrich, Johannes (February 22, 2012). 'How to test OS X Mountain Lion's Gatekeeper in Lion'. Internet Storm Center. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
  6. ^ ab'spctl(8)'. Mac Developer Library. Apple. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
  7. ^'About the OS X Lion v10.7.5 Update'. Apple. February 13, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2015.
  8. ^ abcd'What's New in Security'. Apple Developer (Video). June 15, 2016. At 21:45. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
  9. ^Cunningham, Andrew (June 15, 2016). 'Some nerdy changes in macOS and iOS 10: RAW shooting, a harsher Gatekeeper, more'. Ars Technica UK. Archived from the original on June 16, 2016. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
  10. ^ abReed, Thomas (October 6, 2015). 'Bypassing Apple's Gatekeeper'. Malwarebytes Labs. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
  11. ^ abMoren, Dan (August 26, 2009). 'Inside Snow Leopard's hidden malware protection'. Macworld. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
  12. ^'About the 'Are you sure you want to open it?' alert (File Quarantine / Known Malware Detection) in OS X'. Apple Support. March 22, 2016. Archived from the original on June 17, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
  13. ^ abForesman, Chris (February 17, 2012). 'Mac developers: Gatekeeper is a concern, but still gives power users control'. Ars Technica. Retrieved June 18, 2015.
  14. ^Chatterjee, Surojit (February 21, 2012). 'OS X Mountain Lion Gatekeeper: Can it Really Keep Malware Out?'. International Business Times. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
  15. ^Goodin, Dan. 'Drop-dead simple exploit completely bypasses Mac's malware Gatekeeper'. Ars Technica. Archived from the original on March 20, 2016. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gatekeeper_(macOS)&oldid=984179875'

First Apple Inc took away the headphone jack on its iPhones. Then it took away the home button.

And now, it has taken away a closely watched performance metric that it has disclosed to investors for 20 years.

The Cupertino, California-based company on Thursday said that it will stop reporting unit sales data for its iPhone, iPad and Mac computer products, the latter of which it has given out since 1998. Analysts and investors use the figures to calculate the average selling price of Apple’s devices and gauge the health of the company.

Apple said the data is less relevant to the strength of its business as customers bundle products, such as an iPhone paired with its wireless AirPods headphones, along with paid subscription services like Apple Music to listen to songs and iCloud storage for photos. Analysts were sceptical.

“Companies typically stop reporting metrics when the metrics are about to turn. This is not a good look for Apple,” said analyst Walter Piecyk from BTIG Research.

The move cost Apple dearly, helping to send shares down about 7 per cent in after-hours trading. They later settled at USD 207.81, about 6.5 per cent below their previous close.

“Apple is a complex company with a lot of moving parts,” said analyst Ivan Fienseth from Tigress, “I think they need to give more transparency to their shareholders and not less.”

But now, Apple will give cost-of-sales data for both its total product businesses and its total services business, which will let investors evaluate a gross margin for both. In the past, Apple gave only an overall gross margin figure for the company.

The new numbers are important for two reasons. First, they will show just how lucrative Apple’s hardware business really is. But more importantly, for the first time they give margin information on Apple’s services business, which reached USD 10 billion in its fiscal fourth quarter, up 17 per cent.

Many of Apple’s fastest-growing businesses are subscription based, like its USD 9.99 a month Apple Music service. And investors tend to value subscription business through a combination of their revenue growth rate and margins - information that Apple investors will now have, said Tien Tzuo, chief executive of Zuora Inc, a company that helps subscription businesses track their finances.

Chronicle: unit eight game and soundtrack bundle for mac osx

But one problem Apple investors will face is not knowing what the margin mix is within the services business. Some parts of it, like iCloud storage, are likely lucrative, but others, like Apple Music, are probably less so because Apple has to pay music licenses costs and competes with rival Spotify Technology SA.

Chronicle: Unit Eight Game And Soundtrack Bundle For Mac 7

“You would value the music business with one (revenue) multiple closer to Spotify, and the cloud business with a (subscription software) multiple,” said Tzuo. “Having some sense of which business is growing faster would be nice.”

Chronicle: Unit Eight Game And Soundtrack Bundle For Mac Osx

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Chronicle: Unit Eight Game And Soundtrack Bundle For Mac Os

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